The Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta – its Historic Landmarks is situated in the centre of Yogyakarta, a city founded in 1756 by Pangeran Mangkubumi, the first ruler of the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat. Prior to his coronation in 1755, and adoption of the title Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono I, Pangeran Mangkubumi was a prince of the Mataram Kingdom that reigned over most of Java and Madura from the late 16th Century CE. In 1755, following a bitter internal dispute on whether to cooperate with the colonising power of the Dutch East India Company, the Mataram Kingdom split into two royal courts: Kasunanan Surakarta Hadiningrat (Surakarta) and Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (Yogyakarta). After successfully establishing himself as the first Sultan of the Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, Pangeran Mangkubumi then set about building a new capital and Kraton (palace) for his kingdom.
In creating the new capital, Pangeran Mangkubumi incorporated Javanese cosmological concepts, blending Animism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam, into the whole Kraton design, including the position of the palace in relation to the natural environment, the location of the key buildings, spaces and roads, into the design of the buildings themselves, and the rituals and living cultural traditions practiced at the sites. In designing the Kraton, Mangkubumi drew on knowledge about city planning and design had developed and since the 16th century by the royal courts of Mataram.
He took these existing concepts and then refined and perfected them in his new capital. The key concepts underpinning this system include: (i) the connection between the microcosmic and macrocosmic worlds; (ii) the Human Life Cycle (Sangkan Paraning Dumadi); (iii) the harmonious relationship of GodHuman-Nature (Hamemayu Hayuning Bawana); and (iv), the Unity of God and Human Beings (Manunggaling Kawula Gusti). These concepts not only shaped the development of the city of Yogyakarta, but also are still influential in the daily life of the local community until today. Considering this, prior to the overall description of the property and significant features, brief information about the key concepts will be provided.
The location of the Kraton1 and the city, were deliberately chosen by the Sultan Mangkubumi to conform to Javanese cosmological beliefs, where the capital of the kingdom is considered to be a miniature of the universe (macrocosmos), following the Hindu-Buddhist concept of the 1 Colloquial use of the Indonesian word Keraton, meaning ‘a palace’, hereafter referred to as the physical building of the Karaton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (the Yogyakarta palace). Divine Mount Meru (the centre of physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes). The Yogyakarta section of the Royal Tombs at Imogiri is located on top of a hill in the south of Kraton, believed to be the sacred realm of the spirit world, through the Hindu, Buddhist and Islamic periods, with Islamic saints and kings buried on the summit of hills and is where the Sultans of the kingdom are buried.
The attributes of the cosmological axis of Yogyakarta city are arranged along a straight south – north direction line following the ancient Hindu planning traditions in the southern hemisphere. The placement of the landmarks is truly an exceptional material manifestation of Javanese philosophical thoughts on human life, especially the cycle of life (Sangkan Paraning Dumadi) and the ideal harmonious life (Manunggaling Kawula Gusti). All the landmarks from Panggung Krapyak Monument in the South to Kraton at the centre and Tugu Monument in the North and finally to the Royal Tombs at the southern most point of the property represent a philosophical journey of the human life cycle from conception, birth, maturity, to the reunification of the soul with the Creator. The funeral ritual of the Sultans can be understood as the final stage in the journey of man (Sangkan Paraning Dumadi), with the ritual following the cosmological axis of the property to the south.
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The Kraton and Imogiri are linked through sacred rituals and meanings. The position, layout and design of the monuments, royal palace and burial site are imbued with symbolic meaning and along with the living traditions, bear an exceptional testimony to Javanese kingship and civilization with strict social hierarchy and power structure. The ceremonies, rituals, and traditional laws and management system associated with the property are maintained by the Royal Court of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat since the 20 NOMINATION DOCUMENT establishment of the Sultanate and are still practiced to this day not only by the Royal Court but also the wider community in Yogyakarta.
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